I do wonder whom exactly you think was 'forced' into the opium trade?
Legal opium was (and is) produced at the EIC factory in Patna, this was sold at auction in Calcutta from the middle of December.
Independent traders shipped the opium on the monsoon to the Dutch port of Batavia who bought it at 500 Rix Dollars per chest.
In addition there were 3 illegal sources of opium; Benares, Rungpore and Boggulpore, the Dutch would not accept these, though the traders might attempt to smuggle the chests into the Dutch East Indies.
If the attempt to smuggle failed the opium would be carried upto Canton where it would be bought by Imperial Ming agents called 'Hongs'.
Disputes arose due to the fact that the governor of Canton embezzled the duties undercasting the turnover for Peking which ultimately resulted in his execution and the replacement of the Hong agents.
Legal opium was (and is) produced at the EIC factory in Patna, this was sold at auction in Calcutta from the middle of December.
Independent traders shipped the opium on the monsoon to the Dutch port of Batavia who bought it at 500 Rix Dollars per chest.
In addition there were 3 illegal sources of opium; Benares, Rungpore and Boggulpore, the Dutch would not accept these, though the traders might attempt to smuggle the chests into the Dutch East Indies.
If the attempt to smuggle failed the opium would be carried upto Canton where it would be bought by Imperial Ming agents called 'Hongs'.
Disputes arose due to the fact that the governor of Canton embezzled the duties undercasting the turnover for Peking which ultimately resulted in his execution and the replacement of the Hong agents.
Quote:I don't understand why you'd come to a discussion forum, and then proceed to reap from visibility any voice that disagrees with you. If you're going to do that, why not just sit in front of a mirror and pat yourself on the back continuously?-Esquilax
Evolution - Adapt or be eaten.
