What is a proof?

[Muslim Scholar]

This is not a debate, this thread is more educational
Give your thoughts, links, references and your beliefs

What are the types of proofs?
How to prove a statements?
How to disprove a statements?
What is impossible?

What are the basic premises that all agree on?

I don't know what everyone agrees on. It depends what you're trying to prove.

NO, it doesn't
Logical proofs methods are generally accepted

But from what I saw, many Atheists (theists sometimes) are ready to refute logic itself to falsify any opposing opinion

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I seem to be a little late here, but as a historian, I was taught to appreciate the difference between proof and evidence as distinct but related concepts:

A proof is an evaluated meaning of what evidence tells one in relation to a question, which gives a sound basis towards or against a hypothesis or theory.
Evidence is an observation, material, or other clue that can be used to lend credence towards the validation or rejection of a hypothesis or theory if its meaning in regards to the question being asked can be deciphered properly.

For instance, a bullet casing found at the scene of a murder is evidence, but what it means in connection to the question at hand is proof, should the meaning be deciphered.

Proof in this context is what the meaning evidence gives to the observer when the evidence is evaluated in terms of the question being asked, and how it can apply to the proposed hypothesis or theory. It's taken from the mathematical model of proof where using known variables one can bring about a conclusion using a mathematical model, which admittedly I don't fully comprehend since I'm not terribly math savvy, but that's the gist of it. For instance don't ask me how Steven Hawking made 2+2 equal 5, because I don't know! >m<

Very good, I agree
While proofs are more convincing
but sometimes evidences are enough to direct us toward the right direction/belief

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Another important question

What are the premises that are accepted by all people?
What is the definition of impossible and give examples?