I don't know the physics well enough, but I think the four fundamental forces, strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravitational, they vary differently over different distances. The "size" of an object is dependent on the strengths of these forces and how they behave. If everything were getting smaller, one or more of these forces would have to be decreasing, but if the relationships with respect to distance were not linearly related, there would be an inconsistency in how one or more of the forces varied, making the change detectable. This is more guess than something I know, but it sounds right. Under quantum mechanics, one of these relationships would diverge from the expected value, I think....
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