Determinism

[Purple Rabbit]

Everything is determined by past events.

So if a machine were built which knew everything that was happening at that present moment, it would be able to predict everything in the future. That is, assuming the machine knew all laws of physics known and unknown to humankind.

Another way of looking at it is that the entire universe's fate was determined at the moment of the big bang.

You're describing Laplace's Demon. But it remains to be seen if it really holds in nature since it assumes that every event has a definite outcome which currently cannot be reconciled with how we understand nature at the quantum level. There are truly (well, for what it's worth, there are no absloute truths in science) random processes in nature, like virtual particle creation and nuclear decay. And since small things can have great consequences the machine you're talking about will need the input but cannot predict it.

And I agree with Minimalist that if a butterfly in China can cause a hurricane in the Carribean than I would not be surprised to learn that an asshole president in the US can rupture the very fabric of the universe.