Detecting design or intent in nature

[Surgenator]

If the mass of the proton was different in another galaxy, stars will behave differently. We can observe how stars in other galaxies behave. Plus, you won't get the required density profile for dark matter is you just change the proton mass.

You still cannot observe every proton or even every galaxy. There is the set of all Galaxies, within that set are two disjoint subsets, the set off all observed galaxies, and the set of all unobserved galaxies. If we accept Chas's thinking then drawing conclusions about observed galaxies tells us nothing about unobserved galaxies.

If all the galaxies we observe contain dark matter, isn't it reasonable to conclude that all the galaxies we can't observe also contain dark matter? I think you would find it reasonable to conclude that galaxies we can't observe also contain dark matter.....but Chas should not. Chas's thinking precludes science...which is why it is hogwash.

You cannot claim a disjoint set until you show at least 1 case of a disjoint set. Take the set of all protons, what subset of proton's property can you show that other protons do not have. All the protons that have been observed have the same charge, same rest mass, same spin, etc... So arguing that there is this place where the proton has different properties just because we haven't check everywhere is begging the question fallacy.

Your evolution set does have disjoint subsets, e.g. replicated vs self-replicators. Hense, valid criticism is applied when you attribute some properties from one subset to all subsets.