By the sun and its morning. ( 2 ) And [by] the moon when it follows it

[WinterHold]

What did it have to say about when the sun and moon are in the sky at the same time, when the moon proceeds the sun into morning, or when there is an eclipse?

Those are man made words/thoughts.

Unlike the Mayan priests predicting the celestial phenomena, the Quran didn't mention -to my knowledge- anything about it.
Only the following being during the end:

Sura 75, Page 577, The Quran
( 1 )   I swear by the Day of Resurrection
( 2 )   And I swear by the reproaching soul [to the certainty of resurrection].
( 3 )   Does man think that We will not assemble his bones?
( 4 )   Yes. [We are] Able [even] to proportion his fingertips.
( 5 )   But man desires to continue in sin.
( 6 )   He asks, "When is the Day of Resurrection?"
( 7 )   So when vision is dazzled
( 8 )   And the moon darkens
( 9 )   And the sun and the moon are joined,
( 10 )   Man will say on that Day, "Where is the [place of] escape?"
( 11 )   No! There is no refuge.
( 12 )   To your Lord, that Day, is the [place of] permanence.
( 13 )   Man will be informed that Day of what he sent ahead and kept back.
(... More verses to the end of the Sura...)

It is a language humans use; but the context along with these words is what makes the message what it is.

Chad32

Night and day are nothing but angles and locations. If we face the star, then it is morning. If we don't then it is night.
Let's break it down.

Earth rotates; and this produces the year, in a cycle that respects the shining of a star and the reflection of a moon. 
Mohammed Peace be Upon Him didn't know about the other planets where this system is so messed up, never knew that elsewhere stars burn one face of a planet and leave the other freezing in dark.

The Quran is not the word of man, because it pointed to the importance of the system of the year. The moon does follow the sun from our perspective creating earthly day and night in most inhabitable places on earth.

A more direct reference here:

Sura 10, Page 208, The Quran:
( 5 )   It is He who made the sun a shining light and the moon a derived light and determined for it phases - that you may know the number of years and account [of time]. Allah has not created this except in truth. He details the signs for a people who know

BrianSoddingBoru4

Brian, that of Sodding
The forth Boru, the BSB4

Poems about shoes are not nice
Advice about swallowed ships make me bored

Somebody at a shoe, now that's new
No it is old; many ate that before

Ships, shoes, throat, and swallowed reason
A wrong voice just makes me believe more

Cyberman

Thank you for the recipe.
I prefer raw redberries. They don't sell them in all markets around here; pretty rare.

Alex K

I usually just read the Quran, and write about it if I found anything interesting.
If there is a wrong belief, it will stick out with discussion. It won't hold.