First order logic, set theory and God

[T0 Th3 M4X]

This ignores the main point of the whole thing.  Whatever you started with has to be self-sufficient to "cause" itself.  So if you determine that it doesn't need a cause, then the explanation would be supernatural, because we know cause and effect applies in the natural world.  So you would need the whole gun, the gun would need to have made itself, then you could fire the trigger. If not, you have to apply something to the natural world that isn't evident.

Actually, we know exactly the opposite: cause and effect, as classically understood, do NOT apply to the natural world. From what we know of quantum mechanics, causality is NOT a necessary feature of our universe and, in fact, many quantum events seem to be genuinely uncaused.

A big part of the problem is even defining what it means for a system A to cause an event B. If the notion of causality dictates that *whenever* A happens, then B happens, then we know causality is frequently violated.

Similarly, if you say that B would not happen unless A happens, then this is also violated in quantum systems.

Finally, if you only claim that A *affects* the probabiliy that B occurs, then there *is* causality in quantum systems, but it is clear that this sort of causality is very, very weak and does NOT allow for the type of conclusions you want to derive.

You're still missing the point of the argument.  If the initial "cause" is the trigger, then it defaults as the "cause" for everything since it started the whole thing.  So even if cause isn't necessary now, it couldn't have evolved into a world that doesn't need cause for certain things.  I'm assuming that's why he mentioned the "the straw that broke the camel's back"  If not, we have to explain a random accident independent of cause.  As soon as you say "quantum" you have to assume a value to energy, so that would either make it the cause or part of the cause.  Unless you're suggesting that a large amount of energy just popped out of nowhere by accident and for no apparent reason. Of course that's not even observable on a small scale.  What we see is preexisting energy changing forms.