How Catholic women in 18th-century Italy defied sexual harassment in the confessional
As a historian, I aim to understand how women in the past experienced and tackled intimidating behaviour. Particularly, I am looking at harassment during confession in 18th-century Italy. Catholic women approached this sacrament to share doubts and hopes about subjects ranging from reproduction to menstruation, but at times were met with patronising remarks that unsettled them.
The Vatican archives show us that some of the men who made these remarks dismissed them as emerging from sheer camaraderie or from curiosity, or as boastfulness, and that they belittled women who remained upset or resentful. The women were often younger, they had less power, and they could be threatened to comply. Yet, the archives also show us how some women deemed these exchanges inappropriate and stood up to such abuse.
For women, confession was paramount because it dictated morality. A priest’s duty was to ask women if they were abiding Christians, and a woman’s morals were bound to her sexuality. Church canons taught that sex was to be only heterosexual, genital, and within marriage. Sexuality was framed by a moral code of sin and shame.
In 1736 in Pisa, for example, Rosa went to her confessor for help, worried her husband did not love her, and was advised to “use her fingers on herself” to arouse his desire. She was embarrassed and reported the inappropriate exchange. Documents in the archives frequently show women were questioned if a marriage produced no children: asked if they checked whether their husbands “consumed from behind”, in the same “natural vase”, or if semen fell outside.
In 1779 in Onano, Colomba reported that her confessor asked if she knew that to have a baby, her husband needed to insert his penis in her “shameful parts”.
In 1739 in Siena, a childless 40-year-old woman, Lucia, was belittled as a confessor offered to check up on her, claiming women “had ovaries like hens” and that her predicament was odd, as it was enough for a woman “to pull their hat and they would get pregnant”. She reported the exchange as an improper interference into her intimate life.
Records from the confessional show examples of women being told, “I would love to make a hole in you”; seeing a priest rubbing rings up and down his fingers to mimic sex acts; and being asked the leading question if they had “taken it in their hands” – and how each of these women knew what was being insinuated. They understood that such behaviour amounted to harassment.
Priests also often asked women about pleasure: if they touched themselves when alone; if they touched other females, or boys, or even animals; if they looked at their friends’ "shameful parts” to compare who “had the largest or the tightest natura, with hair or not”. To women, these comments were inappropriate intrusions; to male harassers, they could be examples of titillating curiosity and advice, such as when a Franciscan friar, in 1715, dismissed intrusive comments about a woman’s sexual life.
Seeking meaningful guidance, women had entrusted these learned figures with their most intimate secrets, and they could be bewildered by the attitudes confessors often displayed. In 1633, Angiola claimed she “shivered for 3 months” after the verbal abuse. The unsolicited remarks and unwanted physical touch struck them.
https://theconversation.com/how-catholic...nal-270594
As a historian, I aim to understand how women in the past experienced and tackled intimidating behaviour. Particularly, I am looking at harassment during confession in 18th-century Italy. Catholic women approached this sacrament to share doubts and hopes about subjects ranging from reproduction to menstruation, but at times were met with patronising remarks that unsettled them.
The Vatican archives show us that some of the men who made these remarks dismissed them as emerging from sheer camaraderie or from curiosity, or as boastfulness, and that they belittled women who remained upset or resentful. The women were often younger, they had less power, and they could be threatened to comply. Yet, the archives also show us how some women deemed these exchanges inappropriate and stood up to such abuse.
For women, confession was paramount because it dictated morality. A priest’s duty was to ask women if they were abiding Christians, and a woman’s morals were bound to her sexuality. Church canons taught that sex was to be only heterosexual, genital, and within marriage. Sexuality was framed by a moral code of sin and shame.
In 1736 in Pisa, for example, Rosa went to her confessor for help, worried her husband did not love her, and was advised to “use her fingers on herself” to arouse his desire. She was embarrassed and reported the inappropriate exchange. Documents in the archives frequently show women were questioned if a marriage produced no children: asked if they checked whether their husbands “consumed from behind”, in the same “natural vase”, or if semen fell outside.
In 1779 in Onano, Colomba reported that her confessor asked if she knew that to have a baby, her husband needed to insert his penis in her “shameful parts”.
In 1739 in Siena, a childless 40-year-old woman, Lucia, was belittled as a confessor offered to check up on her, claiming women “had ovaries like hens” and that her predicament was odd, as it was enough for a woman “to pull their hat and they would get pregnant”. She reported the exchange as an improper interference into her intimate life.
Records from the confessional show examples of women being told, “I would love to make a hole in you”; seeing a priest rubbing rings up and down his fingers to mimic sex acts; and being asked the leading question if they had “taken it in their hands” – and how each of these women knew what was being insinuated. They understood that such behaviour amounted to harassment.
Priests also often asked women about pleasure: if they touched themselves when alone; if they touched other females, or boys, or even animals; if they looked at their friends’ "shameful parts” to compare who “had the largest or the tightest natura, with hair or not”. To women, these comments were inappropriate intrusions; to male harassers, they could be examples of titillating curiosity and advice, such as when a Franciscan friar, in 1715, dismissed intrusive comments about a woman’s sexual life.
Seeking meaningful guidance, women had entrusted these learned figures with their most intimate secrets, and they could be bewildered by the attitudes confessors often displayed. In 1633, Angiola claimed she “shivered for 3 months” after the verbal abuse. The unsolicited remarks and unwanted physical touch struck them.
https://theconversation.com/how-catholic...nal-270594
teachings of the Bible are so muddled and self-contradictory that it was possible for Christians to happily burn heretics alive for five long centuries. It was even possible for the most venerated patriarchs of the Church, like St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas, to conclude that heretics should be tortured (Augustine) or killed outright (Aquinas). Martin Luther and John Calvin advocated the wholesale murder of heretics, apostates, Jews, and witches. - Sam Harris, "Letter To A Christian Nation"
